| ข้อ | พ.ศ. | กระทู้ตั้ง | บทเชื่อม |
|---|---|---|---|
| ๑ | ๒๕๖๘ | ททมาโน ปิโย โหติ | ๒ |
| ๒ | ๒๕๖๗ | สุโข ปุญฺญสฺส อุจฺจโย | ๒ |
| ๓ | ๒๕๖๖ | อสนฺเต นูปเสเวยฺย สนฺเต เสเวยฺย ปณฺฑิโต อสนฺโต นิรยํ เนนฺติ สนฺโต ปาเปนฺติ สุคตึ | ๒ |
| ๔ | ๒๕๖๓ | ขนฺติโก เมตฺตวา ลาภี ยสสฺสี สุขสีลวา ปิโย เทวมนุสฺสานํ มนาโป โหติ ขนฺติโก | ๒ |
วิธีใช้: อ่านกระทู้ตั้งแล้วลองวางโครงเรื่องด้วยตนเองก่อน จึงเปิดดูตัวอย่าง สังเกตลำดับ: บทตั้ง → อารัมภบท → อธิบายบทตั้ง → ขยายความ → ประโยคสะพานและบทเชื่อม (บอกคัมภีร์ที่มา) → อธิบายบทเชื่อม → ตัวอย่างในชีวิต → สรุปพร้อมยกบทตั้ง → ปิดท้าย
ตัวอย่างเรียบเรียงโดยระบบจากคำอธิบายพุทธศาสนสุภาษิต บทเชื่อมเลือกจากสุภาษิตที่โจทย์กำหนดให้ (ธรรมศึกษา) หรือจากสุภาษิตในหนังสือของชั้นนั้นที่เนื้อความเข้ากัน (นักธรรม) ผู้สอบควรเรียบเรียงด้วยสำนวนของตนเอง และจำบาลีกับคัมภีร์ที่มาให้ถูกต้อง
อารัมภบทI shall now explain and expand upon the meaning of the Dhamma theme written above, as a guide for study and practice.
อธิบายบทตั้งTo explain: The words "one who gives" in this saying mean one who has self-sacrifice as a habit and is ready to share what he has for the benefit of others. The words "is loved" mean that he receives affection, kindness and goodwill from the people around him. This saying of the Buddha points to a law of nature: the love of others cannot be demanded or forced, but arises of its own accord towards one who gives.
ขยายความบทตั้งThe reason one who gives is loved is that all human beings wish for happiness and do not want suffering. Whoever makes them happy and helps them out of difficulty, they love that person. Conversely, those who only take, never give, and keep taking advantage of others, no matter how much wealth or power they have, may have people around them only because those people hope for some benefit. When the benefit runs out, those people leave. Love that arises from sincere giving is therefore more stable than love bought with power or benefits.
ประโยคสะพาน + ที่มา ๑Giving is like a thread that binds people's hearts together. One who knows how to give and share binds friendships with others, creating good relationships and friends ready to help. This accords with the Buddha's saying found in Saṃyutta Nikāya, Sagāthāvagga:
อธิบายบทเชื่อม ๑To explain: The word "friendship" means being friends, affection and goodwill towards one another. This saying teaches that one who gives binds friendship, that is, giving is like a rope that binds people's hearts together and gives rise to good relationships. One who gives has friends, and those friends are ready to help him when he is in need.
อธิบายบทเชื่อม ๑The giving that binds friendship does not mean only giving wealth and material things. Giving good words, giving time, giving help with physical effort, giving forgiveness and giving encouragement are all forms of giving that bind people's hearts. The teaching called the four bases of social harmony (saṅgahavatthu) also places giving as the first item, which shows that giving is the heart of building friendship. Conversely, people who are stingy, never share, and think only of taking from others find it hard to find true friends, because there is nothing to bind people's hearts.
ประโยคสะพาน + ที่มา ๒When a person gives regularly, even a little, merit keeps accumulating without pause, whereas for one who never gives, merit cannot grow in the heart. This accords with the Buddha's saying found in Dīgha Nikāya, Mahāvagga:
อธิบายบทเชื่อม ๒To explain: This saying teaches that when one gives, merit increases. The word "merit" (puñña) means goodness that cleanses the mind and is a cause of happiness. Every time a person gives with a mind of self-sacrifice, merit arises in the mind and accumulates more and more, like water dripping into a jar one drop at a time: although each drop is small, when it drips constantly, the jar can become full.
อธิบายบทเชื่อม ๒Merit is said to increase when one gives because, at the moment of giving, the giver's mind lets go of a portion of stinginess, and greed, a defilement that makes the mind narrow, grows weaker. The mind therefore becomes broader and clearer. This is merit that can be seen in the present. The more often one gives, the more giving becomes a habit, and the more firmly the mind is established in goodness. This saying of the Buddha appears together with the words "when one keeps restraint, enmity does not arise", which shows that giving makes goodness increase, while restraint prevents evil from arising. These two go together as a pair in living a good life.
ตัวอย่างในชีวิตFor example, parents who have given love, care and upbringing to their children throughout their lives are loved by their children more than anyone else. An elder brother or sister who shares toys or snacks with the younger ones and protects them when there is danger is loved by the younger ones. An employee who smiles and serves with kindness is loved by the customers. Even merely giving a smile and gentle words can make us loved by others without spending any wealth at all.
สรุปTo conclude: Those who wish to be loved should therefore always ask themselves, "What have I given to others today?" and diligently give according to their opportunities and means. Such giving is both merit and the true charm of a human being. This accords with the Dhamma saying set forth as the theme at the beginning:
ปิดท้ายThus has the meaning been explained, as set forth above.
อารัมภบทI shall now explain and expand upon the meaning of the Dhamma theme written above, as a guide for study and practice.
อธิบายบทตั้งTo explain: The words "the accumulation of merit" mean always doing good, doing it again and again, until goodness builds up and becomes a habit. This saying teaches that such accumulation of merit brings happiness. It is the opposite of the saying that the accumulation of evil brings suffering, and it shows that what we accumulate in life determines whether our life will be happy or unhappy.
ขยายความบทตั้งIn the Dhammapada, the Buddha said that if a person makes merit, he should make it again and again and take delight in it, because the accumulation of merit brings happiness. In another place he said that one should not look down on merit, thinking that it is small and will surely bring no result, because a water jar is filled by drops of water falling one drop at a time; the wise one, accumulating merit little by little, becomes full of merit. Small good deeds done regularly therefore have more power than great good deeds done only occasionally.
ประโยคสะพาน + ที่มา ๑When a person has done much good while alive, at the end of life the mind is warmed by merit and free of fear, unlike one who has never made merit and is often shaken in their final moments. This accords with the Buddha's saying found in Khuddaka Nikāya, Dhammapada:
อธิบายบทเชื่อม ๑To explain: The words "the end of life" mean the time when life is about to come to a close, a time that most people fear because they must be parted from everything they love. This saying teaches that merit brings happiness at such a time; in other words, when wealth and possessions, rank and position, and loved ones can no longer help, the merit one has made becomes a refuge for the mind, enabling one to pass away peacefully and without fear.
อธิบายบทเชื่อม ๑When death is near, people's minds often recall what they have done. Those who have done much evil recall that evil with distress and fear the results that will follow, while those who have made much merit recall their own goodness with contentment, having nothing to regret or leave unfinished. This happiness of mind at the final moment is a clearly visible result of merit, and in Buddhism, a clear and bright mind at the end of life is also a cause for going to a good destination.
ประโยคสะพาน + ที่มา ๒External wealth can be stolen or lost at any time, but merit, the goodness that arises in the mind, is a treasure that no thief can carry off, and so it is a more secure possession. This accords with the Buddha's saying found in Saṃyutta Nikāya, Sagāthāvagga:
อธิบายบทเชื่อม ๒To explain: The word "merit" means the goodness that arises in the mind from giving, keeping the precepts, developing meditation and doing other good deeds. This saying teaches that merit is a treasure that thieves cannot carry off, unlike external wealth such as money and gold, houses, cars and jewellery, which may be stolen, burnt in a fire, swept away by a flood or lost at any time.
อธิบายบทเชื่อม ๒In the sutta from which this saying comes, there are questions: What is good until old age? What is good when firmly established? What is the treasure of human beings? And what cannot be carried off by thieves? The answers are: virtue is good until old age, faith is good when firmly established, wisdom is the treasure of human beings, and merit cannot be carried off by thieves. The reason thieves cannot carry off merit is that merit is not kept in a safe or in a bank, but in the mind of the one who makes it. No one can reach in and steal it, no natural disaster can destroy it, and that merit follows its maker everywhere, even across lives.
ตัวอย่างในชีวิตIn real life, a person who gets up early to offer alms food every day, chants before going to sleep and regularly helps others, even if he does only a little each day, will after many years have a clear and bright mind, be happy and be loved by people. A student who reviews his lessons a little every day has firmer knowledge than one who studies hard only on the night before the examination. The accumulation of goodness works in the same way.
สรุปTo conclude: Those who wish for lasting happiness should therefore do good every day, without choosing between small and great and without waiting for special occasions, because accumulated goodness becomes the foundation of happiness throughout life. This accords with the Dhamma saying set forth as the theme at the beginning:
ปิดท้ายThus has the meaning been explained, as set forth above.
อารัมภบทI shall now explain and expand upon the meaning of the Dhamma theme written above, as a guide for study and practice.
อธิบายบทตั้งTo explain: "The good" (sappurisa) means good people who conduct themselves rightly, while "the bad" means people who are not good and act against the Dhamma. This saying teaches an important principle in choosing companions, because the people we associate with influence the direction of our lives.
ขยายความบทตั้งSaying that the bad lead to hell means that bad people tend to invite us to do evil, such as gambling, drugs, stealing or harming others; if we follow them, we receive suffering and trouble as a result, both in this life and the next. The good, on the other hand, guide us in the right direction, encourage us to do good, set a good example and warn us when we go astray. Associating with the good therefore leads to a happy destination, that is, to prosperity and happiness.
ขยายความบทตั้งChoosing companions does not mean despising or hating those who behave badly. We can still have kindness and goodwill towards them, but we should not become so close that we are led astray, especially if our own minds are not yet firm enough. Moreover, deciding who is good should be based on conduct, not on wealth or outward appearance.
ประโยคสะพาน + ที่มา ๑When life is coming to an end, wealth, rank, and loved ones cannot help at all, but the merit one has made becomes a refuge for the mind, allowing one to pass away peacefully. This accords with the Buddha's saying found in Khuddaka Nikāya, Dhammapada:
อธิบายบทเชื่อม ๑To explain: The words "the end of life" mean the time when life is about to come to a close, a time that most people fear because they must be parted from everything they love. This saying teaches that merit brings happiness at such a time; in other words, when wealth and possessions, rank and position, and loved ones can no longer help, the merit one has made becomes a refuge for the mind, enabling one to pass away peacefully and without fear.
อธิบายบทเชื่อม ๑When death is near, people's minds often recall what they have done. Those who have done much evil recall that evil with distress and fear the results that will follow, while those who have made much merit recall their own goodness with contentment, having nothing to regret or leave unfinished. This happiness of mind at the final moment is a clearly visible result of merit, and in Buddhism, a clear and bright mind at the end of life is also a cause for going to a good destination.
ประโยคสะพาน + ที่มา ๒When a person knows how to share what they have for the benefit of others, they naturally receive love and affection in return, while the possessive drift away from people's goodwill. This accords with the Buddha's saying found in Aṅguttara Nikāya, Pañcakanipāta:
อธิบายบทเชื่อม ๒To explain: The words "one who gives" in this saying mean one who has self-sacrifice as a habit and is ready to share what he has for the benefit of others. The words "is loved" mean that he receives affection, kindness and goodwill from the people around him. This saying of the Buddha points to a law of nature: the love of others cannot be demanded or forced, but arises of its own accord towards one who gives.
อธิบายบทเชื่อม ๒The reason one who gives is loved is that all human beings wish for happiness and do not want suffering. Whoever makes them happy and helps them out of difficulty, they love that person. Conversely, those who only take, never give, and keep taking advantage of others, no matter how much wealth or power they have, may have people around them only because those people hope for some benefit. When the benefit runs out, those people leave. Love that arises from sincere giving is therefore more stable than love bought with power or benefits.
ตัวอย่างในชีวิตIn daily life, a teenager who associates with friends who like to hang out doing wrong may be persuaded to try drugs, ruining his life. But one who associates with friends who study diligently and have goals receives inspiration and encouragement to develop himself. A businessman who chooses honest partners can run his business securely, while one who cooperates with the corrupt often suffers along with them.
สรุปTo conclude: Those who wish for prosperity should therefore choose their companions carefully, associate with those who behave well, and keep their distance from those who lead towards decline. This accords with the Dhamma saying set forth as the theme at the beginning:
ปิดท้ายThus has the meaning been explained, as set forth above.
อารัมภบทI shall now explain and expand upon the meaning of the Dhamma theme written above, as a guide for study and practice.
อธิบายบทตั้งTo explain: This saying shows several blessings of patience: virtue in the heart, prosperity in life and being loved by others.
ขยายความบทตั้งOne who has patience is counted as loving-kind because patience towards the faults of others arises from a heart that wishes them well and does not want them to suffer. Patience and loving-kindness therefore support each other. One who has patience gains and has honour because patience allows work to be accomplished, and a calm temperament earns the trust to be given important responsibilities. One who has patience is always happy because he is not burned by anger and does not have to regret what he did when he lost mindfulness.
ขยายความบทตั้งSaying that he is dear to gods and humans shows that the virtue of patience is widely recognised. Everyone likes to be near someone who is calm, pleasant to talk with, and with whom one need not worry about being met with anger or retaliation. Being dear in this way does not come from pleasing others, but from the inner steadiness of the patient person himself.
ประโยคสะพาน + ที่มา ๑When a person keeps close company with the good, they tend to become good themselves, but if they associate with the wicked, they gradually become like them, because living together shapes people to resemble one another. This accords with the Buddha's saying found in Khuddaka Nikāya, Jātaka, Vīsatinipāta:
อธิบายบทเชื่อม ๑To explain: This saying concisely sums up the principle of association: people tend to become like those they associate with closely, because living together passes thoughts and habits from one to another.
อธิบายบทเชื่อม ๑Living together brings about natural learning. We absorb the ways of thinking, speaking, values and behaviour of those close to us without intending to. Diligent friends lead us to be diligent; lazy friends lead us to be lazy. Friends who look on the bright side give us encouragement; friends who like to complain lead us to see things negatively too. Choosing companions is therefore the same as choosing what kind of person we will become in the future.
อธิบายบทเชื่อม ๑This saying does not mean that people have no choice and must always change according to those around them. Those with mindfulness and firm principles can preserve their goodness even in a bad environment, and may even be an example that helps others change. But for ordinary people, especially those still at the age of learning, choosing good companions is the safest and most effective way.
ประโยคสะพาน + ที่มา ๒A wise person knows how to choose companions, avoiding the bad who act against the Dhamma and associating with the good who act rightly, because the company one keeps can lead one's life toward either decline or progress. This accords with the Buddha's saying found in Khuddaka Nikāya, Jātaka, Vīsatinipāta:
อธิบายบทเชื่อม ๒To explain: "The good" (sappurisa) means good people who conduct themselves rightly, while "the bad" means people who are not good and act against the Dhamma. This saying teaches an important principle in choosing companions, because the people we associate with influence the direction of our lives.
อธิบายบทเชื่อม ๒Saying that the bad lead to hell means that bad people tend to invite us to do evil, such as gambling, drugs, stealing or harming others; if we follow them, we receive suffering and trouble as a result, both in this life and the next. The good, on the other hand, guide us in the right direction, encourage us to do good, set a good example and warn us when we go astray. Associating with the good therefore leads to a happy destination, that is, to prosperity and happiness.
อธิบายบทเชื่อม ๒Choosing companions does not mean despising or hating those who behave badly. We can still have kindness and goodwill towards them, but we should not become so close that we are led astray, especially if our own minds are not yet firm enough. Moreover, deciding who is good should be based on conduct, not on wealth or outward appearance.
ตัวอย่างในชีวิตIn daily life, a service worker who patiently listens to dissatisfied customers and solves their problems politely earns praise and advancement. A teacher who patiently teaches slow learners is loved by students and respected by parents. A community leader who patiently listens to differing opinions gains the cooperation of many sides.
สรุปTo conclude: Those who wish for happiness and to be loved should therefore train patience together with loving-kindness, bearing with others with a heart that wishes them well. This accords with the Dhamma saying set forth as the theme at the beginning:
ปิดท้ายThus has the meaning been explained, as set forth above.